Cyrus Levinthal’s calculation known as Levinthal’s paradox reveals that proteins do not follow a folding process by trying every possible conformation instead, they follow a partially defined pathway consisting of intermediates between fully denatured protein and its native structure ( Figure 1). This makes it clear that the protein-folding process does not involve sequential steps. With a large number of permutations, a systematic search for a stable polypeptide chain requires an enormous length of time (∼1.6 × 10 15 trillion years). However, the visuals speak for themselves and are easy enough to use that high school or advanced secondary students could learn from this material.Proteins in their native state, under the physiological conditions, are in a low energy state which provides thermodynamic stability. There appear to be no obvious limitations or requirements except interest and perhaps ability to speak English specifically for the written descriptions. Prerequisite Knowledge or Skills: No prerequisites are necessary. Target Student Population: Typical use would be beneficial to undergraduates or beginning students in physiological psychology or anyone wanting to become more familiar with the connection between brain structures and both physical and cognitive behaviors. Specific research studies are cited with associated links provided. It also is useful for appreciating the consequences of "brain injury" and its subsequent effects on cognition and behavior. Identify Major Learning Goals: This app is a tutorial/demonstration tool for learning about brain structures and their respective functions. Finally, a web version is available on the Genes to Cognition website (). It also has Android and Windows phone versions. Technical Requirements: This app is designed to be used with the Apple iOS (5.0 or later) on the iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch. Likewise, one could also select a name and try to identify the structure and location. The app could be used similar to a flash card system whereby one selects a structure and tries to guess its name and/or function. Recommended Uses: Students who would like a tutor to learn and/or test themselves regarding their appreciation for brain structures and function would find this material useful for studying and understanding the brain. Structures are highlighted when selected and then easily rotated so multiple views are possible. Type of Material: A visual touch screen interactive 3D app allows for searching the structures and functions of 29 different brain structures. The 3D brain is derived from the Genes to Cognition (G2C) Online website funded by the Dana Foundation and Hewlett Foundation. The 3D Brain App for iOS has been created by Vivid Apps and AXS Biomedical Animation Studio for the Dolan DNA Learning Center (DNALC) at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL). This app is useful for introductory students and undergraduates in basic or physiological psychology courses who would like to learn the names and functions of several of the most common brain structures, regions and their respective purposes. Overview: The 3D Brain App for iOS is a free 3D animation application that is valuable for learning about brain structures and functions.
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